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Brazil is well-placed to weather a trade war as a top exporter of vital commodities with strong links to the world’s big three economic blocs, said finance minister Fernando Haddad.
作为与世界三大经济体均有紧密联系的关键大宗商品主要出口国，巴西完全有能力抵御贸易战，财政部长费尔南多•哈达德(Fernando Haddad)表示。
“Brazil is in a privileged situation,” he told the Financial Times in an interview ahead of a trip to Europe. Haddad said he had high hopes for a free trade deal agreed between the EU and South American countries, while also boasting of an “excellent bilateral relationship” with China and calling the US “a historic partner”.
“巴西处于有利地位。”哈达德在访问欧洲前接受英国《金融时报》采访时表示。哈达德说，他对欧盟和南美国家之间达成的自由贸易协定寄予厚望，同时还夸耀了与中国“极好的双边关系”，并称美国为“一个有历史意义的合作伙伴”。
Haddad, a former academic and longtime ally of veteran leftwing President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, was chosen to oversee Latin America’s largest economy when Lula returned to power in 2023.
哈达德曾是一名学者，也是资深政治家、左翼总统路易斯•伊纳西奥•卢拉•达席尔瓦(Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva)的长期盟友。卢拉2023年重新掌权时，哈达德被选中负责管理拉丁美洲最大经济体。
There was “no way”, he said, that Brazil would pick a side between China and the US, its first and second-largest trading partners.
他说，巴西“绝不可能”在中国和美国——其第一和第二大贸易伙伴——之间选边站。
But it would also aim to open to new markets, he said, noting that Lula “worked very hard personally” to seal the Mercosur trade grouping’s blockbuster deal with Europe, which was signed in December after more than 20 years of negotiation but is still awaiting ratification.
但巴西也将致力于向新市场开放，他表示，并指出卢拉“个人非常努力地”促成了南方共同市场(Mercosur)与欧洲的重磅协议。该协议在经过20多年的谈判后于去年12月签署，但仍在等待批准。
The accord between the EU and the Mercosur bloc — which comprises Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay — eliminates tariffs on 90 per cent of bilateral trade, but must overcome resistance from some EU member states, including France and Poland.
欧盟与南方共同市场（包括阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、巴拉圭和乌拉圭）之间的协议取消了针对90%的双边贸易的关税，但必须克服包括法国和波兰在内的一些欧盟成员国的阻力。
“I really believe its time has come, as I believe that Europe realises it also has no other path,” Haddad said. “This is not about moving away from China, from the United States . . . but we have to create new spaces.”
哈达德说：“我真的相信时机已经到来，因为我相信欧洲也意识到它别无他途。这不是要远离中国或美国……但我们必须创造新的空间。”
Brazil is one of the world’s top food exporters, and Haddad underlined the growing importance of its processing industry. “Brazil is no longer just the granary of the world. Brazil is transforming itself in part into a kind of supermarket of the world,” he said.
巴西是世界最大的食品出口国之一，哈达德强调了其加工行业日益增长的重要性。他说：“巴西不再只是世界的粮仓。巴西正在某种程度上转变为世界的超市。”
The White House has named Brazil among nations charging high duties on US products, but it has not yet been hit with targeted measures and President Donald Trump has barely mentioned the country since taking office for the second time.
白宫已将巴西列为对美国商品征收高额关税的国家之一，但巴西尚未受到针对性措施的打击，总统唐纳德•特朗普(Donald Trump)自第二次上任以来几乎没有提到过该国。
Lula has been careful to avoid open conflict with Washington, though he vowed to complain to the World Trade Organization about Trump’s 25 per cent tariff on all steel imports.
卢拉一直小心翼翼地避免与华盛顿发生公开冲突，尽管他曾誓言要就特朗普对所有钢铁进口征收25%关税向世贸组织申诉。
Trump is looking to reverse US trade deficits with other countries, but Haddad pointed out Brazil is one of the few major economies with whom Washington enjoys a surplus in goods, which hit $7.4bn in 2024.
特朗普希望扭转美国对其他国家的贸易逆差，但哈达德指出，巴西是少数几个华盛顿在商品贸易中对之保持顺差的主要经济体之一，2024年的顺差达到74亿美元。
He also insisted Brazil’s effective import duties on US wares were far lower than headline figures because of exemptions for specific products.
他还坚持认为，巴西对美国商品征收的实际进口关税远低于表面数字，因为对特定产品实施了豁免。
Haddad arrives in France on Monday and was optimistic about Brazil’s trade relations with its partners on the continent. “Especially since recent episodes that suggest Europe is back in the game and will try to react to being walled in by cultivating multilateralism,” he said.
哈达德将于周一抵达法国，他对巴西与欧洲伙伴的贸易关系持乐观态度。他说：“尤其是最近的一些事件表明，欧洲又回到了游戏中，并将试图通过培养多边主义来应对被围困的局面。”
At home, Haddad has overseen stronger-than-forecast GDP growth, low unemployment and a historic reform to simplify Brazil’s notoriously complex tax system. But he is under pressure from the business class over the fragile public finances and from leftwing members of his own party, who resist spending cuts.
在国内，哈达德监督实现了超预期的国内生产总值(GDP)增长、低失业率以及简化巴西复杂税制的历史性改革。但他面临着来自商界对脆弱的公共财政的压力，以及来自自己党内抵制削减开支的左翼成员的压力。
Investor concerns over the high nominal budget deficit — running at 8 per cent of GDP in the year to January — and debt triggered a fall in Brazil’s currency in 2024, while Lula’s popularity has been hurt by inflation which is overshooting a target ceiling of 4.5 per cent.
投资者对高额名义预算赤字（在截至1月份的一年中占国内生产总值的8%）和债务的担忧引发了巴西货币在2024年的下跌，卢拉的支持率则因通胀率超过4.5%的目标上限而受到打击。
Critics say excessive government spending is complicating the task of the central bank, which has raised interest rates to 14.25 per cent.
批评者表示，过度的政府支出使央行的任务变得更加复杂，后者已将利率提高到14.25%。
Haddad said the financial sector had been excessively pessimistic since Lula’s election victory. Some asset managers who bet against the government had “lost money,” he said. “They’re upset the government worked out.”
哈达德表示，自卢拉赢得选举以来，金融部门一直过于悲观。他说，一些押注政府不会成功的资产管理公司“亏了钱”。“他们对政府的成功感到不满。”
He insisted he had been tough on spending, cutting R$35bn ($6.1bn) from the budget last year, and said the government was continuing to straighten out public finances. IMF forecasts, however, show Brazil’s gross government debt rising from 87.6 per cent of GDP last year to 97.6 per cent in 2029.
他坚称自己一直在严格控制开支，去年从预算中削减了350亿雷亚尔（约合61亿美元），并表示政府正在继续整顿公共财政。然而，国际货币基金组织的预测显示，巴西的政府债务总额占国内生产总值的比例将从去年的87.6%上升到2029年的97.6%。
Asked whether the government had the fiscal deficit under control, he replied that this was a question which made no sense. “The finance minister is like a guy in a Formula 1 cockpit in the middle of a race . . . you don’t call him and ask whether everything is under control.”
当被问及政府是否控制住了财政赤字时，他回答说这是一个毫无意义的问题。“财长就像一个正坐在一级方程式赛车驾驶舱里比赛的人……你不会在这个时候打电话给他，问他一切是否都在控制之中。”
“I think we have a good team, a good car and, who knows, maybe even a good driver.”
“我认为我们拥有一个优秀的团队，一辆好车，也许还有一位优秀的车手——谁知道呢。”
Data visualisation by Keith Fray
数据可视化：基思•弗雷(Keith Fray)